THE SLAVE TRADE.
The slave trade!
Nobody is ignorant of the significance of this word, which should never have found a place in human language.
This abominable traffic, for a long time practised to the profit of the European nations which possessed colonies beyond the sea, has been already forbidden for many years.
Meanwhile it is always going on a large scale, and principally in Central Africa.
Even in this nineteenth century the signature of a few States, calling themselves Christians, are still missing from the Act for the Abolition of Slavery.
We might believe that the trade is no longer carried on; that this buying and this selling of human creatures has ceased: it is not so, and that is what the reader must know if he wishes to become more deeply interested in the second part of this history.
He must learn what these men-hunts actually are still, these hunts which threaten to depopulate a whole continent for the maintenance of a few slave colonies; where and how these barbarous captures are executed; how much blood they cost; how they provoke incendiarism and pillage; finally, for whose profit they are made.
It is in the fifteenth century only that we see the trade in blacks carried on for the first time. Behold under what circumstances it was established:
The Mussulmans, after being expelled from Spain, took refuge beyond the Strait on the coast of Africa.
The Portuguese, who then occupied that part of the coast, pursued them with fury.
A certain number of those fugitives were made prisoners and brought back to Portugal.
Reduced to slavery, they constituted the first nucleus of African slaves which has been formed in Western Europe since the Christian Era.
But those Mussulmans belonged, for the most part, to rich families, who wished to buy them back for gold.
The Portuguese refused to accept a ransom, however large it might be.
They had only to make foreign gold.
What they lacked were the arms so indispensable then for the work of the growing colonies, and, to say it all, the arms of the slave.
The Mussulman families, being unable to buy back their captive relatives, then offered to exchange them for a much larger number of black Africans, whom it was only too easy to carry off.
The offer was accepted by the Portuguese, who found that exchange to their advantage, and thus the slave trade was founded in Europe.
Toward the end of the sixteenth century this odious traffic was generally admitted, and it was not repugnant to the still barbarous manners.
All the States protected it so as to colonize more rapidly and more surely the isles of the New World.
In fact, the slaves of black origin could resist the climate, where the badly acclimated whites, still unfit to support the heat of intertropical climates, would have perished by thousands.
The transport of negroes to the American colonies was then carried on regularly by special vessels, and this branch of transatlantic commerce led to the creation of important stations on different points of the African coast.
The "merchandise" cost little in the country of production, and the returns were considerable.
But, necessary as was the foundation of the colonies beyond the sea from all points of view, it could not justify those markets for human flesh.
Generous voices soon made themselves heard, which protested against the trade in blacks, and demanded from the European governments a decree of abolition in the name of the principles of humanity.
In 1751, the Quakers put themselves at the head of the abolition movement, even in the heart of that North America where, a hundred years later, the War of Secession was to burst forth, to which this question of slavery was not a foreign one.
Different States in the North—Virginia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania—decreed the abolition of the slave trade, and freed the slaves brought to their territories at great expense.
But the campaign commenced by the Quakers did not limit itself to the northern provinces of the New World.
Slaveholders were warmly attacked beyond the Atlantic. France and England, more particularly, recruited partisans for this just cause.
"Let the colonies perish rather than a principle!" Such was the generous command which resounded through all the Old World, and, in spite of the great political and commercial interests engaged in the question, it was effectively transmitted through Europe.
The impetus was given.
In 1807, England abolished the slave-trade in her colonies, and France followed her example in 1814.
The two powerful nations exchanged a treaty on this subject—a treaty confirmed by Napoleon during the Hundred Days.
However, that was as yet only a purely theoretical declaration.
The slave-ships did not cease to cross the seas, and to dispose of their "ebony cargoes" in colonial ports.
More practical measures must be taken in order to put an end to this commerce.
The United States, in 1820, and England, in 1824, declared the slave trade an act of piracy, and those who practised it pirates.
As such, they drew on themselves the penalty of death, and they were pursued to the end.
France soon adhered to the new treaty; but the States of South America, and the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, did not join in the Act of Abolition.
The exportation of blacks then continued to their profit, notwithstanding the right of search generally recognized, which was limited to the verification of the flag of suspicious vessels.
Meanwhile, the new Law of Abolition had not a retroactive effect.
No more new slaves were made, but the old ones had not yet recovered their liberty.
It was under those circumstances that England set an example.
In May, 1833, a general declaration emancipated all the blacks in the colonies of Great Britain, and in August, 1838, six hundred and seventy thousand slaves were declared free.
Ten years later, in 1848, the Republic emancipated the slaves of the French colonies, say about two hundred and sixty thousand blacks.
In 1861, the war which broke out between the Federals and Confederates, of the United States, finishing the work of emancipation, extended it to all North America.
The three great powers had then accomplished this work of humanity.
At the present hour, the trade is no longer carried on, except for the benefit of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, and to satisfy the wants of the populations of the Orient, Turks, or Arabs.
Brazil, if she has not yet restored her old slaves to liberty, at least no longer receives new ones, and the children of the blacks are born free there.