It also follows that though the past is alterable, it never has been altered in any specific instance.
For when it has been recreated in whatever shape is needed at the moment, then this new version IS the past, and no different past can ever have existed.
This holds good even when, as often happens, the same event has to be altered out of recognition several times in the course of a year.
At all times the Party is in possession of absolute truth, and clearly the absolute can never have been different from what it is now.
It will be seen that the control of the past depends above all on the training of memory.
To make sure that all written records agree with the orthodoxy of the moment is merely a mechanical act.
But it is also necessary to REMEMBER that events happened in the desired manner.
And if it is necessary to rearrange one's memories or to tamper with written records, then it is necessary to FORGET that one has done so.
The trick of doing this can be learned like any other mental technique.
It is learned by the majority of Party members, and certainly by all who are intelligent as well as orthodox.
In Oldspeak it is called, quite frankly, 'reality control'.
In Newspeak it is called DOUBLETHINK, though DOUBLETHINK comprises much else as well.
DOUBLETHINK means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them.
The Party intellectual knows in which direction his memories must be altered; he therefore knows that he is playing tricks with reality; but by the exercise of DOUBLETHINK he also satisfies himself that reality is not violated.
The process has to be conscious, or it would not be carried out with sufficient precision, but it also has to be unconscious, or it would bring with it a feeling of falsity and hence of guilt. DOUBLETHINK lies at the very heart of Ingsoc, since the essential act of the Party is to use conscious deception while retaining the firmness of purpose that goes with complete honesty.
To tell deliberate lies while genuinely believing in them, to forget any fact that has become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary again, to draw it back from oblivion for just so long as it is needed, to deny the existence of objective reality and all the while to take account of the reality which one denies--all this is indispensably necessary.
Even in using the word DOUBLETHINK it is necessary to exercise DOUBLETHINK.
For by using the word one admits that one is tampering with reality; by a fresh act of DOUBLETHINK one erases this knowledge; and so on indefinitely, with the lie always one leap ahead of the truth.
Ultimately it is by means of DOUBLETHINK that the Party has been able--and may, for all we know, continue to be able for thousands of years--to arrest the course of history.
All past oligarchies have fallen from power either because they ossified or because they grew soft.
Either they became stupid and arrogant, failed to adjust themselves to changing circumstances, and were overthrown; or they became liberal and cowardly, made concessions when they should have used force, and once again were overthrown.
They fell, that is to say, either through consciousness or through unconsciousness.
It is the achievement of the Party to have produced a system of thought in which both conditions can exist simultaneously.
And upon no other intellectual basis could the dominion of the Party be made permanent.
If one is to rule, and to continue ruling, one must be able to dislocate the sense of reality.
For the secret of rulership is to combine a belief in one's own infallibility with the Power to learn from past mistakes.
It need hardly be said that the subtlest practitioners of DOUBLETHINK are those who invented DOUBLETHINK and know that it is a vast system of mental cheating.
In our society, those who have the best knowledge of what is happening are also those who are furthest from seeing the world as it is.
In general, the greater the understanding, the greater the delusion; the more intelligent, the less sane.
One clear illustration of this is the fact that war hysteria increases in intensity as one rises in the social scale.
Those whose attitude towards the war is most nearly rational are the subject peoples of the disputed territories.
To these people the war is simply a continuous calamity which sweeps to and fro over their bodies like a tidal wave.
Which side is winning is a matter of complete indifference to them.
They are aware that a change of overlordship means simply that they will be doing the same work as before for new masters who treat them in the same manner as the old ones.
The slightly more favoured workers whom we call 'the proles' are only intermittently conscious of the war.
When it is necessary they can be prodded into frenzies of fear and hatred, but when left to themselves they are capable of forgetting for long periods that the war is happening.
It is in the ranks of the Party, and above all of the Inner Party, that the true war enthusiasm is found.
World-conquest is believed in most firmly by those who know it to be impossible.
This peculiar linking-together of opposites--knowledge with ignorance, cynicism with fanaticism--is one of the chief distinguishing marks of Oceanic society.
The official ideology abounds with contradictions even when there is no practical reason for them.
Thus, the Party rejects and vilifies every principle for which the Socialist movement originally stood, and it chooses to do this in the name of Socialism.
It preaches a contempt for the working class unexampled for centuries past, and it dresses its members in a uniform which was at one time peculiar to manual workers and was adopted for that reason.
It systematically undermines the solidarity of the family, and it calls its leader by a name which is a direct appeal to the sentiment of family loyalty.
Even the names of the four Ministries by which we are governed exhibit a sort of impudence in their deliberate reversal of the facts.
The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation.
These contradictions are not accidental, nor do they result from ordinary hypocrisy; they are deliberate exercises in DOUBLETHINK.
For it is only by reconciling contradictions that power can be retained indefinitely.
In no other way could the ancient cycle be broken.
If human equality is to be for ever averted--if the High, as we have called them, are to keep their places permanently--then the prevailing mental condition must be controlled insanity.
But there is one question which until this moment we have almost ignored.